Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 1992. 30: 311-358 Copyright © 1992 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved

Reprinted with kind permission from Annual Reviews, 4139 El Camino Way, Palo Alto, California, USA

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Table of Contents

• INTRODUCTION
• History
• This Review
• SECURE LENSES
• Multiple Quasars
• Arcs
• Radio Rings
• GRAVITATIONAL LENS OPTICS
• Ray Reflections and the Lens Equation
• Simple Lens Models
• Caustics and Congruences
• Time Delay
• Microlensing
• Observables and Model Fitting
• COSMOGRAPHY
• Hubble Constant
• Deceleration Parameter
• Alternative Cosmologies
• DARK MATTER
• Our Galaxy
• External Galaxies
• Clusters of Galaxies
• Large-Scale Structure and Intergalactic Medium
• QUASARS AND GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT
• Quasar Emission Regions
• Magnified Images of Galaxies and Radio Sources
• Exploitation of Time Delays
• Quasar Absorption Lines
• Quasar Luminosity Function
• Microwave Background
• SEARCHES FOR GRAVITATIONAL LENSES
• Radio Surveys
• Optical Surveys
• OUTLOOK
• REFERENCES