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7. ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES

The lack of bright elliptical galaxies in the Local Group has contributed to the difficulties in investigating their dark halos. Stellar velocity dispersions are usually of insufficient accuracy to pin down the gravitational potential and, more importantly, only probe the inner regions of these galaxies. X-ray observations have proved the most useful means of studying ellipticals and indicate the presence of halos extending well beyond the visible parts of the galaxies. Most ``polar ring'' galaxies are S0s and are discussed in Section 9 since they are most notable for the information they yield on the shape of dark halos. Some of the early work in this field has been summarized by Fall (1987).